-
Ashwing Helamites are smaller and less domesticated than Dustbacks. Ash Waste Nomads use them as guard creatures, controlling these flying macro-insects using large lures. Once their lure has been placed on the ground, Ashwings will treat the area as their territory and attack any who come near. This multipart plastic kit builds two Ashwing Helamites, a pair of vicious, winged creatures, and a lure for your Ash Waste Nomads gangs in games of Necromunda. Their speed makes them ideal for ambushing unsuspecting enemy fighters, while the Ashwing Lure can be used to set up ambushes, or to create a no-go area for your opponent's gangers on the battlefield. Both of the Ashwing Helamites can be built on a scenic base, or mounted on a flying stand. There is also a head and Ashwing Lure with sky mantle backpack that can be used with a member of the Ash Waste Nomads War Party, available separately, to represent which member of your gang is responsible for these beasts. The kit comprises 46 plastic components, 2x Citadel 60mm by 35mm Oval Bases, 1x Citadel 25mm Round Base, and 3x 45mm Groove Flying Stems. These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. -
Homo sapiens gigantus, commonly called Ogryns, are one of the most frequently seen strains of abhuman within the Imperium. What they lack in intelligence and guile, they more than make up for with raw strength and unthinking determination. Protect Your Spoils This multipart plastic kit builds 2 Orlock Ogryn Minders for your games of Warhammer Necromunda Skirmish. These miniatures can be used to add a pair of huge brutes to your gang, along with new skills and tactical options. The miniatures can also be used to represent other types of Fighters in your gang list. This kit is highly customisable and includes the following assembly options: – 2 right toe caps – 2 left toe caps – 3 loincloths – 4 shoulder pads – 3 right shin pads – 3 left shin pads – 3 face options – 4 scalp options – Additional belt accessories, including a fuel can and ammo pouches One Orlock Ogryn Minder must be assembled brandishing knuckledusters, with a ripper gun slung over their back. The other may be built with a choice of two right arms, one holding a ripper gun and the other holding a cigar, and with a choice of either a maul or a spud-jacker in their left hand. This kit is supplied with: – 56 plastic components – 2 Necromunda 40mm Round Bases – 1 construction guide These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted. We recommend: – Warhammer Colour Tool Set – Warhammer Colour Plastic Glue – Warhammer Colour paints – Warhammer Pro Tools: Super Fine Detail Cutters – Warhammer Tone Pro paints Rules for these miniatures can be found in Gangs of The Underhive, and Underhive Journal: Orlock – The House of Iron, both available separately. You will need a copy of the Necromunda Skirmish: Core Rulebook, also available separately, to play games of Warhammer Necromunda Skirmish. -
Orlock gangs do not rely on flashy weapons, cowardly stealth, or acrobatic prowess. They know the most reliable thing in this world is cold, hard iron. Industrial tools are common among their number, who will just as readily use mining lasers and rock saws alongside their shotguns and autopistols – if it gets the job done, it’s as good as anything else. The House of Iron This loaded boxed set is an ideal way to start a new Orlock gang for your games of Warhammer Necromunda – and save money compared to buying the kits individually. The core of the crew is made up of Orlock gang fighters, practical warriors equipped with a variety of reliable, but deadly weapons. They can be assembled in many different ways, with interchangeable heads and weapon arms. The gang includes experienced Arms Masters, and is supported by high-flying Orlock Wreckers and swift Cyber-Mastiffs. These specialists offer your gang new tactical options and weapons to use. Build your empire in the Underhive and rule it with an iron fist. This boxed set builds 18 multipart plastic miniatures: – 10 Orlock Gang fighters – 4 Orlock Wreckers – 2 Orlock Arms Masters – 2 Cyber-Mastiffs The miniatures in this kit are easy to customise. One of the OrlockGang fighters can be assembled as an optional Road Captain. The rest of the miniatures in the kit include a variety of heads and weapon options, along with additional options from the Orlock Weapons & Upgrades frames. The Orlock Weapons & Upgrades set includes: – 2 meltaguns – 2 plasma guns – 2 boltguns – 2 flamers – 2 grenade launchers – 2 shotguns – 2 two-handed hammers – 2 heavy bolters – 2 heavy flamers – 2 hand flamers – 2 mauls – 2 chainswords – 2 bolt pistol left hands – 2 bolt pistol right hands – 2 left hands holding a plasma pistol – 2 right hands holding a plasma pistol – 10 alternative heads (2 copies each of 5 head variants) Contents: – 308 plastic components – 14 Necromunda 25mm Round Bases – 4 Necromunda 32mm Round Bases – 3 Citadel 45mm Groove Stems – 1 construction guide These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted. We recommend: – Citadel Tools: Super Fine Detail Cutters – Warhammer Colour Plastic Glue – Warhammer Colour paints Rules for these miniatures can be found in Necromunda Skirmish: Gangs of the Underhive, available separately. You will need a copy of Necromunda Skirmish: Core Rulebook, also available separately, to play games of Warhammer Necromunda Skirmish. -
Spyrers are terrifying predators, wealthy scions of House Helmawr gifted with an advanced hunting rig and an array of deadly equipment. These consummate hunters care only for the kill, driven to accrue a gruesome body count in order to prove their mettle – and alleviate the crushing boredom of noble life. Orrus Spyre Hunters favour brute strength and armour over finesse, with warsuits designed to to bulldoze through lesser enemies in search of worthy prey. Spyrers are often accompanied by Caryatids, mildly psychic winged cherubs that tend to attach themselves to powerful figures. This multipart plastic kit builds two Orrus Spyre Hunters, accompanied by a Caryatid Prime. These cybernetic juggernauts are a formidable core for Spyre Hunting Party gangs, or can join other House gangs as part of a Secundan Incursion. Each Orrus Spyrer can be customised with different heads, and is armed with clawed power fists or power talon pincers, which incorporate a selection of ranged weaponry – bolt launchers, volkite dischargers, or a disintegration matrix. The Caryatid Prime flies atop its own base, a small, blue, winged humanoid creature prized by hivers as a good luck charm. Contains: – 2x Orrus Spyre Hunters, with two distinct body designs and four heads that can be used on either body – Orrus weapons! You'll find two sets of power fists and power talons that can be used with either Orrus, plus two sets of bolt launchers, one set of volkite chargers, and one set of disintegration matrices that can be integrated into either the fists or the talons – 1x Caryatid Prime This set comprises 72 plastic components and is supplied with 2x Necromunda 40mm Bases and 1x Necromunda 25mm Base. They are supplied unassembled and unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. Rules for using Orrus Spyre Hunters can be found in Necromunda: Book of Desolation, which is available separately. -
Ozostium Aranthus hails from a time before the Imperium itself, when Necromunda was the crown jewel in the verdant Araneus star system. Though he seems perfect in every way, gaps in his armour and cracks in his control reveal glimpses at the ugly truth – whatever lies beneath that expertly crafted plating can barely be called alive. Alongside Ozostium drones an eternally loyal Caryatid-servitor. This multipart plastic kit builds Ozostium Aranthus, a House Agent, and his Caryatid-servitor for your Aranthian-aligned gangs in games of Necromunda. He is an expert at close combat and a master psyker, giving you a significant boost in your underhive battles. This imposing figure is covered in finery and intricate details, and can be built with or without the mask and chest plate of his master-crafted armour – giving you the option of revealing the decaying skin beneath. This kit comprises 32 plastic components, 1x Necromunda 40mm Round Base, and 1x Necromunda 25mm Round Base. These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. -
The Tauros Venator is an all-terrain vehicle, favoured by the Palanite Enforcers as a rapid interceptor ideal for policing the vital ridgeways that criss-cross Necromunda's ash wastes. The Enforcers only have a limited presence beyond the hive cities, so these swift but well-armed vehicles are vital for traversing the outlands at speed and bringing brutal justice to those who would threaten wealthy guild convoys or respectable hiver travellers. This multipart plastic kit builds an Enforcer Tauros Venator – a sturdy, six-wheeled vehicle employed by Palanite Enforcers. The Venator's turret sports a choice of heavy weapons – twinned heavy stubbers or concussion cannons – and can be assembled without glue, allowing you to swivel it around mid-battle. The Palanite Ranger in the driver's seat can be built with two different poses, while the gunner comes with a choice of helmet or rebreather mask. The kit also includes three items of stowage to accessorise your Venator, such as spare fuel and wasteland gear. This set comprises 97 plastic components. This miniature is supplied unpainted and requires assembly – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. Rules for using the Enforcer Tauros Venator can be found in the Necromunda: The Aranthian Succession – Ruins of Jardlan supplement, which is available separately. -
Palanite Justicars hunt down renegade nobles, rogue heirs, and aberrations in noble bloodlines. Upon arriving in a region, they will set up tribunals in the centre of the settlement, closing all nearby roads. Then, from their seat at the head of the tribunal, the Magistrate will pass judgement on local criminals, invariably condemning them to death. Once judgement is passed, the Executioner carries out the sentence immediately in front of the assembled local population, whose attendance is compulsory. If any in the crowd are foolish enough to object, the Bailiffs step forward to restrain them with the Tools of Judgement so they too can face justice. This multipart plastic kit builds a five-strong Palanite Justicar delegation, allies for your law-abiding gangs in games of Necromunda. Their selection of esoteric weaponry will give you the edge in any gang battles. The Magistrate is armed with a bolt pistol and a gavel – a symbol of office and a dangerous weapon in its own right, while the Executioner wields a brutal axe. Both of these miniatures have a choice of two different faces. One Bailiff can be armed with either a shotgun or a shock pistol and a heavy club. Another can be armed with either a fulmen pattern man-catcher or a shotgun. The final Bailiff can be assembled standing or kneeling, and can be armed with either a fulmen pattern man-catcher or a shock pistol and a heavy club. This kit comprises 70 plastic components, 2x Necromunda 32mm Round Bases, and 3x Necromunda 25mm Round Bases. These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. -
More akin to an army than a police force, the Enforcers trade in violence and control, purging settlements and habzones if even the faintest hint of sedition against Lord Helmwar’s rule is uncovered. When bigger disturbances need to be dealt with, the Subjugators are unleashed, delivering justice with extreme prejudice. This set of six Subjugactors have been designed to provide you with a huge amount of variety and options when it comes to assembling them, ensuring that no two patrols ever need look the same. This kit is great for starting a new patrol or providing reinforcements for an existing one. The set includes options for building a Subjugator Captain, as well as an arsenal of weapons such as stub guns, shock batons, subjugation pattern grenade launchers, SLHG pattern assault rams (with built-in grenade launcher) and their instantly identifiable vigilance pattern assault shields. Also included are six 32mm Necromunda round bases and an Enforcer Patrol Transfer Sheet so that you can finish off your models. Rules for using a Subjugator Patrol in games of Necromunda can be found in Necromunda: The Book of Judgement and Necromunda: Dark Uprising. -
Welcome to Necromunda, where gangs of hardened fighters battle it out in the depths for survival. Upon this polluted planet, humanity has been reduced to living in towering hives whose spires scrape the atmosphere. Scarce resources are controlled by Clan Houses and the underhive serves as a battlefield as they fight through tunnels, collapsing domes, and the ruins of industry. Wherever they meet, the promise of glory and territory inspires them to violence. Battle for Survival in the Nightmare Undercity This loaded box contains everything you need to launch your gang's rise to fame in games of Warhammer Necromunda Skirmish, including two balanced gangs, game boards and terrain, cards, markers, gaming accessories, and rules. Will you recruit the vicious and agile Eschers, or the brutal and powerful Goliaths? No matter which one you choose, action-packed gang warfare will keep you engaged, with every roll of the dice moving you towards glorious victory or shameful defeat. This set is ideal for everyone from green prospects to seasoned veterans looking to get the updated rules and bolster their collections. This boxed set contains: – 8 Escher Blades of the Matriarch miniatures – 8 Goliath Forge Smelters miniatures – 5 pieces of modular Zone Mortalis: Factoria Pipes terrain – 1 hardcover 168-page Necromunda Skirmish: Core Rulebook – 1 softcover 32-page Starter Guide and Construction Booklet – 1 double-sided play mat which unfolds to 914mm by 610mm – 1 folding range ruler – 3 orange plastic templates – 8 Yellow Warhammer Necromunda dice with black markings, including 2 injury dice, 3 D6, 1 scatter dice, and 2 ammo dice – 8 Black Warhammer Necromunda dice with yellow markings, including 2 injury dice, 3 D6, 1 scatter dice, and 2 ammo dice – 54 plastic double-sided condition and status markers – 88 Gang Tactics and Campaign cards – 2 Rules reference sheets This kit is supplied with: – 398 plastic components – 8 Necromunda 25mm Round Bases – 8 Necromunda 32mm Round Bases These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted. We recommend: – Citadel Tools: Super Fine Detail Cutters – Warhammer Colour Plastic Glue – Warhammer Colour paints -
Exo-kyn wear armour based on the ancient void suits used by the ancestors of the mining clans. They provide unmatched protection against environmental hazards – something Necromunda has in abundance. While equipped for deep core mining, they are equally adept at turning their drills, claws, and saws against any hostile wildlife or aggressive gangers they might encounter. This multipart plastic kit builds four Exo-kyn, which can also be used as Exo Masters, and two Techmite Exovator 078b miniatures for use in Ironhead Squat Prospector gangs in games of Necromunda. The doughty Exo-kyn can be armed with a selection of weapons, including two-handed hammers, storm-welders, hydraulic drills, rock saws, or Ironhead power fists. A choice of heads with open-face helmets or mask inserts is also included. The Techmite Exovator 078b are clad in the same layered ferramite armour coating as the exo-suits of their handlers and can also be armed with a variety of weaponry. The kit contains 132 plastic components, plus 2x Citadel 28mm Round Bases and 6x Citadel 32mm Round Bases. The miniatures are supplied unassembled and unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. -
Trazior Pattern Sentry Guns are illegal within the underhive, and with good reason – they will indiscriminately fire at anything that moves within its sights. However, gangs caught in desperate firefights still find uses for these deadly sentry weapons, just as long as they can keep out of the crossfire. This multipart plastic kit builds four Trazior Pattern Sentry Guns, plus two ammo crates for use in games of Necromunda. Two of these four-legged sentry guns are armed with twinned grenade launchers, while two are equipped with a pair of heavy stubbers. Any gang can buy and deploy these autonomous weapons, and each offers glueless assembly to allow you to swivel and adjust their aim mid-game. The ammo crates are loaded with grenades and stubber shells, and can be built with their lids open and closed – they also come with control consoles that can be mounted on the lid, allowing your gangers to operate the guns manually. Contains: – 2x Trazior Pattern Sentry Guns with twin grenade launchers – 2x Trazior Pattern Sentry Guns with twin heavy stubbers – 2x ammo crates with control consoles The miniatures in this kit are supplied unassembled and unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. Rules for using Trazior Pattern Sentry Guns in games of Necromunda can be found in Necromunda: Book of Desolation, which is available separately. -
Hangers-on are an essential part of the Necromundan Underhive, providing their services to local gangs and earning a modest, if dangerous, living. They help with everything from feeding the gangs to alerting them of danger, path-finding, and supplying plentiful ammunition for their hungry weapons. This multipart plastic kit builds a set of five Hangers-on and an accompanying medi skull, skilled reinforcements for any gang in games of Necromunda. This motley crew will give your fighters the edge both during and between battles. This kit builds: – 1x Ammo-jack – 1x Slopper – 1x Hive Watcher – 1x Dome Runner – 1x Rogue Doc – 1x Medi skull The Ammo-jack is festooned with additional bullets, ensuring your fighters will never be short when the need arises. They are also armed with a brutal power hammer – ideal for tipping the balance in a close skirmish. The Slopper provides a steady supply of "fresh" food to help keep your gang active – just don't ask what's in his bowl! A Hive Watcher knows where all the secret tunnels, chambers, and lifts in the underhive are, helping to protect your gang from ambushes. The Dome Runner, armed with a long las, knows the best places to shoot from, as well as where the best loot can be found. The Rogue Doc can patch up injured fighters, and with the help of their medi skull, will have the wounded back in action in no time. The Rogue Doc has a choice of two masked heads, offering a degree of customisation. This kit comprises 65 plastic components and 6x Necromunda 25mm Round Bases. These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. -
Ash Wastes Arachni-rigs – known to House Van Saar as Arachnika Ash-jumpers – are armoured exoskeletons designed to traverse Necromunda’s rugged surface. Jump jets allow them to boost over obstacles, leap free of trouble, or unexpectedly drop in amongst their foes. Heavy weapons and surprising mobility make Ash-jumpers a match for rival vehicles and Nomad war parties, as they carve through Cargo-8 trains with laser and plasma blasts, clear rough terrain with flamers and rad guns, and snag targets with harpoons. This multipart plastic kit builds two Van Saar Ash Wastes Arachni-rigs, outland variants of the Arachni-rig that can be added to any Van Saar gang. These mobile exosuits are heavily armoured and fitted with powerful jump boosters. Each sports twinned heavy las carbines on its hull, a pair of mechanical servo-arms, and your choice of two arm-mounted guns – a plasma gun or flamer, and a rad gun or a harpoon launcher. Each Ash Wastes Arachni-rig can be assembled with a closed canopy, or an open canopy revealing the pilot, who comes with two different heads. They’re posed leaping through the air – adventurous hobbyists can also remove the pegs from joints in the arms and legs, allowing you to adjust the pose further. This set comprises 120 plastic components, and comes with 2x Citadel 50mm Round Bases with flying stems. These miniatures are supplied unpainted and require assembly – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel paints. Rules for using Van Saar Ash Wastes Arachni-rigs can be found in the Necromunda: The Aranthian Succession – Ruins of Jardlan supplement, which is available separately. -
Tek-hunters are the specialist explorers of House Van Saar, each selected for their unique skills and mastery of specialised equipment. The overlords of their house task them with dangerous but lucrative missions, such as locating and retrieving data crystals from the Underhells of Hive Secundus. The multipart plastic kit allows you to add veteran Tek-hunters to your House Van Saar gangs, building a roster of eight specialist delvers. Each Tek-hunter wears an armoured bodyglove and shoulder-mounted photo-lumen, to help them explore and survive the Secundan Underhells, and has access to a variety of specialist weaponry and equipment, such as the Bioteknist's servo-medicae or the Gunntek's long las. Contains: – 2x Augurteks with lasguns, or Gunnteks with long las rifles and refraction cloaks – 2x Bioteknists with lasguns, or Augurteks with las carbines, augurspexes, and vox arrays – 2x Bioteknists with servo-medicae and laspistols, or Gunnteks with lasguns – 2x Teknomats, each equipped with a rad gun or combi-weapon (flamer/man-catcher) This set comprises 178 plastic components and is supplied with 8x Necromunda 25mm Bases. They are supplied unassembled and unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. Rules for using Van Saar Tek-hunters can be found in Necromunda: Book of Desolation, which is available separately. -
Van Saar gangs can take down even the biggest brutes with accurate gunfire. Not only are their suited operatives equipped with the finest weapons in the underhive, they are also trained from birth to understand the technology behind them and use it to their advantage. Their distinctive suits have a vital purpose, keeping their irradiated bodies alive – the high cost to House members of their advanced technology. The House of Artifice This loaded boxed set is an ideal way to start a new Van Saar gang for your games of Warhammer Necromunda – and save money compared to buying the kits individually. The core of the crew is made up of Van Saar gang fighters clad in sophisticated suits and armed with advanced weaponry. They can be assembled in many different ways, with interchangeable heads and weapon arms. The gang includes expert Van Saar Archeoteks, and is supported by daring Van Saar Neoteks on Grav-Cutters. These specialists offer your gang new tactical options and weapons to use. Use your superior technology to establish your gang as the ultimate authority in the underhive. This boxed set builds 16 multipart plastic miniatures: – 10 Van Saar Gang fighters – 2 Van Saar Archeoteks – 4 Van Saar Grav-Cutters The miniatures in this kit are easy to customise. One of the Van Saar Gang fighters can be assembled as an optional Van Saar Prime. The rest of the miniatures in the kit include a variety of heads and weapon options, along with additional options from the Van Saar Weapons & Upgrades frames. The Van Saar Weapon & Upgrades set includes: – 2 plasma cannons – 2 multi-meltas – 2 shock mauls – 2 servo claws – 4 meltaguns – 4 grav guns – 2 power knives – 4 rad guns – 4 flamers – 2 laspistols – 2 hand flamers – 10 alternative heads (2 copies each of 5 head variants) – 4 additional gun arms Contents: – 413 plastic components – 12 Necromunda 25mm Round Bases – 4 Necromunda 32mm Round Bases – 6 Citadel 45mm Groove Stems – 1 construction guide These miniatures require assembly and are supplied unpainted. We recommend: – Citadel Tools: Super Fine Detail Cutters – Warhammer Colour Plastic Glue – Warhammer Colour paints Rules for these miniatures can be found in Necromunda Skirmish: Gangs of the Underhive, available separately. You will need a copy of Necromunda Skirmish: Core Rulebook, also available separately, to play games of Warhammer Necromunda Skirmish. -
Designed especially for drybrushing Realistic metallic finish Water-based formula Pot size: 12ml Pick up a Dry brush for best results -
The Nightbringer was once death incarnate – a sadistic god with the power to unmake the stars and a hunger for the life of the galaxy. Like its fellow C’tan, it was shattered by the Necrons, and its insane fragments have ever since been enslaved by those it once ruled. A single shard of the Nightbringer can destroy entire armies. They extrude scythe‑shaped blades from their necrodermis, using them to cull their enemies with great sweeps of entropic unmaking. Their very gaze, meanwhile, is death itself, capable of leeching the essential animus from their victims. This multipart plastic kit builds a C'tan Shard of the Nightbringer, the most dangerous of the star god fragments, for your Necrons army in games of Warhammer 40,000. While no longer able to unmake the stars themselves, it can still reap a terrible toll of enemies upon the battlefield with its powerful scythe, and its gaze can wither and weaken even the mightiest of foes. The Shard of the Nightbringer is ideal for getting stuck in where the fighting is thickest, rewarding an aggressive playstyle. It’s also a stunning centrepiece miniature for any collection, and painters will love the digital fragmentation of the robes, swarm of scarabs, and living metal body. This kit comprises 31 plastic components and 1x Citadel 90mm Round Base. This miniature requires assembly and is supplied unpainted – we recommend using Citadel Plastic Glue and Citadel Colour paints. Rules for using this miniature in Warhammer 40,000 are available as a free download on the Warhammer Community website. -
C'tan Shards are beings of near-unlimited power. They can manifest energy blasts, control the minds of lesser beings, manipulate the flow of time, and banish foes to alternate realities. Indeed, a C'tan Shard's abilities are limited only by two things: its imagination - which is immense - and glimmering memories of the being from which it was severed many years ago. While no C'tan Shard has full recall of the omnipotent creature it once was, each carries the personality and hubris of that far vaster and more puissant being. As such, these eccentric and unpredictable Shards will often dispatch their foes in an unexpected, though surprisingly pragmatic way. They could project a transdimensional thunderbolt from their fingertips, bombard their enemies with rocks and boulders, turn themselves into a singularity and destabilise gravity, or just fling their adversary backwards through time until they disintegrate. This box contains one C'tan Shard of The Nightbringer - a finely detailed resin cast kit that comes as six components, and is supplied with a 40mm Round Base. This miniature is supplied unpainted and requires assembly - we recommend using Citadel Super Glue and Citadel Paints -
Shards of the Void Dragon fill the air around them with a searing scream of distorted static. With a gesture they can unmake the war engines of the lesser races, dragging the resultant disintegrating matter into themselves like the gravity well of a black hole and using it to replenish their own, ever flickering forms. This amazing model seems to be hovering above the battlefield, empowered by the crackling energy of mysterious blackstone. Its incredible necrodermis is almost indestructible while nothing can survive an attack from its spear. Not only will it dominate games of Warhammer 40,000, this incredible centrepiece kit represents a fantastic painting challenge. This 33 part plastic kit makes one C'tan Shard of the Void Dragon. It is supplied with one 80mm Citadel round base.
